Culford brickworks c1886
Culford Brick Works

Culford Estate, near West Stow

Brickworks at Culford

This was an estate brickworks belonging to Culford Hall, Suffolk owned by the Benyon family until the Hall was sold in 1889 to George Henry, 5th Lord Cadogan who lived there until his death in 1933.

It is shown on two maps dated 1881 & 1903 with it no longer being shown on a 1950 map. In 1893 Lord Cadogan made many improvements to his house when he turned it into a mansion.

In 1901 Henry Warren is recorded as manager of the works & living at Brick Kiln Cottage.

Suffolk Heritage Explorer lists it as Monument Record CUL 019, with the following description:-

"Brick kilns shown & named on Tithe map and apportionment in 1839 (S1), and 1793 Cornwallis Estate Map (S3). Operated by Joseph Naylor between 1846-1855, Henry Whittaker (1855-1885), Henry Warren (1885-1919), William Southgate (1919-1930), Mr Balaam (1930- 1932) and Frank Watson (1932-1947 closed)(S2).

Brick and mathematical tile manufacture from at least 1789. Details of Estate Brickworks in (S5)".

January 2020. Breckland National Mapping Programme:-

"A large probable post medieval pit, mounds and structures most likely relating to Culford brick kiln (see above) can be seen as structures and earthworks (which have since been levelled) on aerial photographs (S6-S7). The large pit and mounds most likely relate to an extraction pit and spoil heaps associated to the brick kilns. The large earthwork pit and the mounds can be seen in the 1940s (S6) as earthworks and have been subsequently levelled with the site now under an industrial yard on recent (2018) aerial (S7) photographs. The structures centred at TL 8242 7123 can be seen in the 1940s and are still standing on recent aerial photographs (S7). The features have not been mapped as they are recorded in very good detail on the First Edition Ordnance Survey Map (S8).
J.Powell (Norfolk Historic Environment Service), 27th January 2020."


Culford bricks for sale 1809
Fuller details are available in "The Culford Estate" by Clive Paine et al as follows:
In 1789 the Revd George Ashby recorded that mathematical tiles used for facing the Hall were made 'just without the park'.

In 1809 the Culford Brickworks manager, Francis Wellham, was advertising bricks for sale in the Bury and Norwich Post. The New House, referred to in the advert, seems to have later been called Brick Kiln Cottage.

In 1810 tiles were bought for Timworth Poor House from the Culford Kiln.
.

In 1823, when the estate was sold to Richard Benyon, the Brick Field and Brick kilns with Foreman's cottage were estimated at a value of £100 a year. There was a " good seam of gault clay". The new owner caused many new cottages to be built for the labourers in the five villages.

After 1843 coal replaced wood in firing Culford's kilns.

In 1876 the Bury to Thetford railway opened and the station at Ingham allowed a wider market to open for Culford Brick.

Brick making lasted from 6th April to 11th October with four brickmakers and at least two to five boys.


Culford Works brick sample
In 1877 a brick making machine was introduced, but suffered damage from the manual brick moulders.

William Southgate came here in 1919. He had previously run the Lackford Brickworks, which closed down in 1919. (It seems that the Icklingham works has been called Lackford Brickworks in some places.)

In the 1934 sale of the Culford estate, the Brickworks and its 15 acres were sold for £650 to G Benjamin Bloom and Leonard Bloom of Ipswich. The kiln had capacity for 32,000 bricks, with 9 permanent men and three seasonal men.

In August 1935 the Blooms' new Brick and Tile Company installed a steam driven brick machine capable of 1,500,000 bricks a year.

The red brick clay lay near the surface, rich in iron oxides, but had to be washed to remove impurities.
White bricks came from using the gault clay which lay at deeper levels, but only needed watering before use.
The two kilns were burnt alternately, and both now burned coal. It took 7 to 10 tons of coal per burn over 48 hours, with another 4 days to cool the kiln down for emptying.

The War Office requisitioned the works in 1939, and because the kilns were open topped, production ceased.

In 1945 the brickworks was sold to Mr Clark, a builder, but production only lasted two more years.


Culford sample bricks
The Culford Estate

With the Dissolution of the Monasteries, all estates passed from the Abbey of St Edmund to the Crown, who sold lands off piecemeal. Sir Nicholas Bacon began to build the estate after buying Ingham Manor in 1540. He soon acquired Culford and when he died passed all his holdings to his son, Sir Nicholas Bacon. By marriage to Lady Jane Cornwallis, the estates later passed to her son, Sir Frederick Cornwallis.

The Cornwallis family held Culford, Timworth and Ingham until 1823. West Stow and Wordwell were added over the years.

In 1823 the Culford Estate was sold to Richard Benyon, and it stayed with the Benyon family until 1889 when it was sold to the 5th Earl Cadogan.

In 1934 the estate was broken up and sold off parcel by parcel.


Culford brick 1892 series 2


Another Culford Brick
Summary of the foremen or managers

In 1901 Henry Warren was recorded living in Brick Kiln Cottage, and mostly the brickworks foremen lived there.

  • 1789..........Bricks and mathematical tiles first recorded
  • 1841 to ???? William Welham
  • 1851 to ???? George Welham
  • 1846 to 1855 Joseph Naylor
  • 1855 to 1871 Henry Whittaker
  • 1871 to 1919 Henry Warren
  • 1919 to 1930 William Southgate
  • 1930 to 1932 Mr Balaam
  • 1932 to 1934 Frank Watson
  • 1934 to 1939 Frank Watson for G & L Bloom's new Culford Brick and Tile Company
  • 1939 to 1945.......Works closed down
  • 1945 to 1947 Frank Watson for new owner Mr Clark
  • 1947..............Works closed permanently

Brickfield Farm, Culford
What is there now?

The site is today known as Brickfield Farm, Culford. One occupier is M W Nice Ltd, Trade fencing supplies.


This article was compiled by David Addy based upon material from "The British Brick Society" .

The main source used is "The Culford Estate" by Clive Paine and Ingham Local History Group, pages 124 to 127.
Website - David Kitching's website - Brick Section
Website - Martyn Fretwell's blog
Photos of bricks by Martyn Fretwell courtesy of Museum of East Anglian Life.

Page created on 23rd August, 2023


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